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The different types of topology are given:-
·Bus topology
· Star topology
· Ring topology
· Tree topology
1. BUS TOPOLOGY
·Bus topology
· Star topology
· Ring topology
· Tree topology
1. BUS TOPOLOGY
Fig:-1 Bus topology
Definition:-
“A bus topology is one in which all nodes (workstations and other network devices) are connected to a main cable known as "the bus" which is terminated at both ends.”
Bus topology is used in local area network and each machine is connected to a single cable. Every computer is connected to cable through difference devices. A single cable is connected each nodes of computer. It is based on broadcasting architecture in which device send the message to others devices attached with the shared cable recipient and accept the message and processes it .Ethernet bus topology is easy to implement and not required to cabling.10 Base -2 and 10 BaseT are two types of Ethernet cable are used in Bus topology .Bus topology is limited device .If 12-15 computer are added in network cables backbone become fails and un utilized. Machines connect to the bus cable until it finds out the MAC address or IP address on the bus network. Machine ignores the data if intended address is not match with the entered machine address for the data. It is easy to implement in process in bus topology than compared to other topology. The transfer rate is high than other topology. If any of the computer network is fail to perform than after network keep working without any disturbance. It is faster because of only one cable is used .It is difficult to troubleshooting in bus topology.
Advantage
1. Bus topology is simple, reliable &very easy to use.
2. If any of the computers network is failed the others computer network can be continue their regular work.
3. It is more flexible because we can connect any computer by using a hub.
4. Bus topology is best suited for small case network topology.
Disadvantage
1. Data collision is high in bus topology.
2. Easy to find the error and very hard to troubleshooting.
3. Data transmit from central wire data traffic is high.
4. Limited cable length is available limits the number of station that are connected to the computer.
5. Bus topology only can work well only for a limited number of nodes.
1. STAR TOPOLOGY
Definition:-
“A bus topology is one in which all nodes (workstations and other network devices) are connected to a main cable known as "the bus" which is terminated at both ends.”
Bus topology is used in local area network and each machine is connected to a single cable. Every computer is connected to cable through difference devices. A single cable is connected each nodes of computer. It is based on broadcasting architecture in which device send the message to others devices attached with the shared cable recipient and accept the message and processes it .Ethernet bus topology is easy to implement and not required to cabling.10 Base -2 and 10 BaseT are two types of Ethernet cable are used in Bus topology .Bus topology is limited device .If 12-15 computer are added in network cables backbone become fails and un utilized. Machines connect to the bus cable until it finds out the MAC address or IP address on the bus network. Machine ignores the data if intended address is not match with the entered machine address for the data. It is easy to implement in process in bus topology than compared to other topology. The transfer rate is high than other topology. If any of the computer network is fail to perform than after network keep working without any disturbance. It is faster because of only one cable is used .It is difficult to troubleshooting in bus topology.
Advantage
1. Bus topology is simple, reliable &very easy to use.
2. If any of the computers network is failed the others computer network can be continue their regular work.
3. It is more flexible because we can connect any computer by using a hub.
4. Bus topology is best suited for small case network topology.
Disadvantage
1. Data collision is high in bus topology.
2. Easy to find the error and very hard to troubleshooting.
3. Data transmit from central wire data traffic is high.
4. Limited cable length is available limits the number of station that are connected to the computer.
5. Bus topology only can work well only for a limited number of nodes.
1. STAR TOPOLOGY
Fig:-2 star topology
Definition: -
“A networking set-up used with 10BASE-T cabling and a hub where each node on the network is connected to the hub like points of a star.”
Star topology is used in local area network; each machine is connected to main hub. Star topology is a common network topology which most of the people or company are used. Star topology is used in office, home building e.t.c is connected to main or central devices like router, hub, switch etc. it is easy to add new network in the computer and very easy to remove, so it is very flexible. Easy to diagnose fault because of using hub, switch .if hub is fail then the whole network would be down which are connected to every machine. The network is usually connected with the hub, router and switch with unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair cables. Star topology requires more devices and cable to complete network, compare to bus topology. If central hub is fail due to technical fault the network can be collapse i.e. the system crucially depends on host of node. It is base on the broadcasting architecture.
Advantage
1. It is easy to add new computer and remove exiting computer.
2. Easy to solve fault because of using hub..
3. It is easy to installation process and wring up.
4. By the using hub it can solve error easily.
Disadvantage
1. If central computer network is fail then hub makes whole network system become disabled.
2. It required more cable than the liner topology.
3. If the hub is fail, nodes attached are disabled.
4. It is more expensive than liners bus topology because it required more cable.
3. RING TOPOLOGY
Definition: -
“A networking set-up used with 10BASE-T cabling and a hub where each node on the network is connected to the hub like points of a star.”
Star topology is used in local area network; each machine is connected to main hub. Star topology is a common network topology which most of the people or company are used. Star topology is used in office, home building e.t.c is connected to main or central devices like router, hub, switch etc. it is easy to add new network in the computer and very easy to remove, so it is very flexible. Easy to diagnose fault because of using hub, switch .if hub is fail then the whole network would be down which are connected to every machine. The network is usually connected with the hub, router and switch with unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair cables. Star topology requires more devices and cable to complete network, compare to bus topology. If central hub is fail due to technical fault the network can be collapse i.e. the system crucially depends on host of node. It is base on the broadcasting architecture.
Advantage
1. It is easy to add new computer and remove exiting computer.
2. Easy to solve fault because of using hub..
3. It is easy to installation process and wring up.
4. By the using hub it can solve error easily.
Disadvantage
1. If central computer network is fail then hub makes whole network system become disabled.
2. It required more cable than the liner topology.
3. If the hub is fail, nodes attached are disabled.
4. It is more expensive than liners bus topology because it required more cable.
3. RING TOPOLOGY
Fig:-3 ring topology
Definition:-
“A network topology in which nodes are connected to a closed loop no terminators are required because there are no connected ends.”
Ring topology is used in local area network. Computers are connected in circular structure. The computer has special address which used for identification purpose. A signal is passes through each computer by structure position. There is no central node for making routing decisions. Communication is not dependent to single central node. The message either could be passed through clockwise or anti–clockwise. Token passing scheme which usually used to control the network .after the passing scheme only one computer can be transmit on the network at fixed time. Ring act as signal boosters which strength the signal that transverse the network. If ring network topology is fail or down the only one machine which occur the entire network down. FDDI, SONET or token are used in ring topology. It is used in like office, school, small houses and buildings. It is based on peer to peer architecture rather than broad cabling every computer has equal resources it is used .It is very difficult to find out the error and troubles hooting .The data transfer is done in one direction so there is less chance to collision and data traffic. It required more complicated control software their steer network .There is no central node for making routing decisions. Communication is not dependent to single central node.
Advantage
1. Every computer utilized the equal proportion.
2. Data travels only one direction, low chance of collision &data traffic.
3. It is not too much flexible because neither new network can be added nor existing one can be removed.
4. Token ring is creating larger networks.
5. Network server is not required to manage the connectivity between the computers.
Disadvantage
1. If any of the computers network is fail then the whole network is down.
2. It is very hard to find out the fault and resolve it.
3. It is not easy to adding new computer on the network and removing also very difficult.
4. If you change the devices and adding new thing then problem can be occur in network.
4. TREE TOPOLOGY
Definition:-
“A network topology in which nodes are connected to a closed loop no terminators are required because there are no connected ends.”
Ring topology is used in local area network. Computers are connected in circular structure. The computer has special address which used for identification purpose. A signal is passes through each computer by structure position. There is no central node for making routing decisions. Communication is not dependent to single central node. The message either could be passed through clockwise or anti–clockwise. Token passing scheme which usually used to control the network .after the passing scheme only one computer can be transmit on the network at fixed time. Ring act as signal boosters which strength the signal that transverse the network. If ring network topology is fail or down the only one machine which occur the entire network down. FDDI, SONET or token are used in ring topology. It is used in like office, school, small houses and buildings. It is based on peer to peer architecture rather than broad cabling every computer has equal resources it is used .It is very difficult to find out the error and troubles hooting .The data transfer is done in one direction so there is less chance to collision and data traffic. It required more complicated control software their steer network .There is no central node for making routing decisions. Communication is not dependent to single central node.
Advantage
1. Every computer utilized the equal proportion.
2. Data travels only one direction, low chance of collision &data traffic.
3. It is not too much flexible because neither new network can be added nor existing one can be removed.
4. Token ring is creating larger networks.
5. Network server is not required to manage the connectivity between the computers.
Disadvantage
1. If any of the computers network is fail then the whole network is down.
2. It is very hard to find out the fault and resolve it.
3. It is not easy to adding new computer on the network and removing also very difficult.
4. If you change the devices and adding new thing then problem can be occur in network.
4. TREE TOPOLOGY
Fig:-4 tree topology
Definition:-
“Tree Topology is one of the local area network (LAN) topologies, in which, the network nodes are arranged as a tree.”
Tree topology also known as hierarchical networks because the tree topology arranges computer and links in to distinct hierarchical structure. Each node has special number of nodes which are connected to it at lower point in the hierarchy. The number referred as branching factor of the hierarchical tree. Tree topology is based on hierarchical topology and classified as a physical linear topology. Tree network topologies are integrated of multiple star. Hub devices only can connect directly to the tree bus and each hub are work as a root of a tree of network devices. Combination of bus, star or hybrid topology forms a new topology that is tree topology which is much better than a bus or star. If any computer fails then it effects only those machines which are under its control.
Advantages
1. Easy to wire one place to another place by separately.
2. It is supported by hardware and software
3. Through central hub enlarges the distance a signal can travel between devices.
Disadvantages
1. It is very hard to configure and wire than other topology.
2. Whole network collapses if central hub is fail to work.
3. If backbone of new process damage than the whole network is down.
4. It requires more cabling in a tree topology than others, so it is expensive.
Definition:-
“Tree Topology is one of the local area network (LAN) topologies, in which, the network nodes are arranged as a tree.”
Tree topology also known as hierarchical networks because the tree topology arranges computer and links in to distinct hierarchical structure. Each node has special number of nodes which are connected to it at lower point in the hierarchy. The number referred as branching factor of the hierarchical tree. Tree topology is based on hierarchical topology and classified as a physical linear topology. Tree network topologies are integrated of multiple star. Hub devices only can connect directly to the tree bus and each hub are work as a root of a tree of network devices. Combination of bus, star or hybrid topology forms a new topology that is tree topology which is much better than a bus or star. If any computer fails then it effects only those machines which are under its control.
Advantages
1. Easy to wire one place to another place by separately.
2. It is supported by hardware and software
3. Through central hub enlarges the distance a signal can travel between devices.
Disadvantages
1. It is very hard to configure and wire than other topology.
2. Whole network collapses if central hub is fail to work.
3. If backbone of new process damage than the whole network is down.
4. It requires more cabling in a tree topology than others, so it is expensive.
It is also utility software which is made by Microsoft window operating system to remove unnecessary item from the window registry. Unwanted file no longer in a use so it has been completely remove from system by cleaning. Some of the file is left by registry cleaner that has no been uninstalled from the system. Registry cleaner is scan the registry and left only unwanted data in order to repair or delete. It may improve the performance of computer by using registry cleaner; if error is occur while processing computer registry helped to resolve the problem. Registry cleaner search the file error on File types, Fonts, Startup, Database driver, Application paths etc and it immediately solves the problem. Some of the registry cleaner can not solves the problem found.
I use Tuneup registry cleaner utility software which used to remove unnecessary error file or data from system and also clean it. When user click on complete scan button and press on next button and automatically it scan the system for e.g. application, font, history installation program etc. Complete analysis we should click on show problem. It shows the summary problem. After do click on start cleaning and click to continue the cleaning of your system and it complete cleaning.
Disk partitioners is a process of dividing the storage space of hard disk drive in to individual file is known as partition. It can divide separate drive in to multiple logical or primary drive each its own data system. A program editor ca be edit delete or modify the logical drive. By parting the drive into many the user can store the data in different drive. So user feels easy to use the computer. Easy to control if we make many drive, kept the file in private .proper care of make the size of the partition needed to change the size depends upon install on the drive.
When we click on the disk management, it shows different drives like C:\,D:\,E:\,F:\ etc. Right click on drive and get option like change drive path, make partition as active. At first we have to active drive and format drive. Drive should to delete because to make drive free space on the hard disk. We can create different drive as recommended by the user. New drive is completed. if drive can be separated only primary drive acne partition but not system drive i.e. C:\.
Disk defragmenter is a utility program .It can find computer data which are recorded in the hard disk and arrange the file systematically. It increases the efficiency of computer. It is a program which recognized the data and unused space on the disk so file can be accessed fast, computers program is run in smooth manner. Computer record the data first on those available spaces on disk and during process defragmenters is run slowly and after completion it provides higher performance on the computer. Disk fragmented is used in window 98 so it called defragmenter.
It increases system’s performance by organizing data block on our drive in creative process. User select drive tat you want would like to analyze for optimization and click next to continue. Red colors is the fragmented area, blue colors part is not fragmented and white colors part is a free space of drive. Dark blue are the area which data are locked and like yellow colors shows the files in process. After complete analysis it shows message to defragmenters the drive or not to defragmenter after the click finish.
Utilities
Disk cleaner detect the data that are unused to computer operation. When the hard disk is full the user decided to clean the files .Cleaner is shareware and freeware software which optimize privacy and cleaning tools.
Disk cleaner clean the unnecessary file from the system allowing window to run very faster and makes space on disk. Disk cleaner can be used in online activities like as our internet histories for example are:-
· internet explorer
It contain temporary file, history etc.
· window explorer
Document, run etc are the window explorer unnecessary file.
· System
It contains file data such as empty recycle bin, temporary file, memory dump etc.
Disk cleaner detect the data that are unused to computer operation. When the hard disk is full the user decided to clean the files .Cleaner is shareware and freeware software which optimize privacy and cleaning tools.
Disk cleaner clean the unnecessary file from the system allowing window to run very faster and makes space on disk. Disk cleaner can be used in online activities like as our internet histories for example are:-
· internet explorer
It contain temporary file, history etc.
· window explorer
Document, run etc are the window explorer unnecessary file.
· System
It contains file data such as empty recycle bin, temporary file, memory dump etc.
I used Microsoft window vista ccleaner utility program which helped to clean unnecessary file from the system. when I click on analyze button it search the details files to be delete from computer and click on run cleaner then it clean file like application data, cookies, temp etc
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